HiTIDE allows users to subset and download popular PO.DAAC level 2 datasets. Interferometric SAR (InSAR) thus provides centimeter-level measurements of displacement from subsidence in an area. Ce premier épisode est disponible gratuitement sur Steam et sera suivi d’une seconde partie, attendue très prochainement au cours du printemps 2019. These satellites unambiguously show that the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, as well as the glaciers, are shrinking; the Greenland ice sheet is decreasing by about 289 Gt per year, and the Antarctica ice sheet is decreasing by about 132 Gt per year (Hamlington, et al., 2020). To view statistics from different features or layers, select a different AID from the Feature dropdown and/or a different layer of interest from the Layer dropdown. 44in Amplitude Ratio Code . Hydrologists will use the data to calculate the rate of water gained or lost in lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands as well as discharge variations in rivers, globally. Choose your civilization. Credit: NASA Earth Observatory . Xplore’s new satellite manufacturing facility is in the Redmond complex that once housed Planetary Resources. In particular, these foregrounds are dominated by galactic emissions such as Bremsstrahlung, synchrotron, and dust that emit in the microwave band; in practice, the galaxy has to be removed, resulting in a CMB map that is not a full-sky map. Due to the amount of historical data available, MERRA-2 data can be used to look for trends and patterns as well as anomalies. Lieutenant Williams, you have a go for drive initiation." Changes in land water storage and ocean mass can be measured from space using the GRACE and GRACE-FO sensors. 411 The JPL product is based on the CAP retrieval algorithm and provides a comparative view to RSS, which is based on averages spanning an 8-day moving window. NOAA's Sea Level Rise Viewer is a web mapping tool to visualize community-level impacts from coastal flooding or sea level rise (up to 10 feet above average high tides). term reduces to one cosine function and thus encodes amplitude fluctuation. ( Mariner 4 est un véhicule spatial de 260,8 kg. ", "Astronomers Hedge on Big Bang Detection Claim", "Cosmic inflation: Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal", "Study Confirms Criticism of Big Bang Finding", "Polarization detected in Big Bang's echo", "POLARBEAR project offers clues about origin of universe's cosmic growth spurt", "Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus", "COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers: Calibration Techniques", "The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP", "Assessing the effects of foregrounds and sky removal in WMAP", "CMB multipole measurements in the presence of foregrounds", Planck shows almost perfect cosmos – plus axis of evil, Found: Hawking's initials written into the universe, "History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson" (PDF), Ueber die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien, The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe, "UC Berkeley, LBNL cosmologist George F. Smoot awarded 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics", "Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI", Audio: Fraser Cain and Dr. Pamela Gay – Astronomy Cast. This novel sampling platform is equipped with a suite of instruments and sensors providing high quality, georeferenced, near real-time, multi-parameter surface ocean and atmospheric observations. The SMAP satellite delivers derived SSS observations for the ocean and soil moisture. This will take you to the View Area Sample page. Research-quality CYGNSS and MERRA-2 data products can be accessed via Earthdata Search; for subsetting CYGNSS data, use PO.DAAC's High-level Tool for Interactive Data Extraction (HiTIDE) Tool (see the Tools for Data Access and Visualization section for more information): Data products can be visualized as a time-averaged map, an animation, seasonal maps, scatter plots, or a time series through an online interactive tool, Giovanni. In the Read tab, select the first product. When two observations are made from the same location in space but at different times, the interferometric phase is directly proportional to any change in the range of a surface feature. ( NTSC Signal Generator. Datasets referenced in this pathfinder are from satellite and airborne sensors shown in the table below, including their spatial and temporal resolutions. ≈ The measured kTγ is equivalent to 0.234 meV or 4.6 × 10−10 mec2. This pathfinder will be updated with data as they becomes available. The gridded data are derived from the SSH anomalies data of TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, and Jason-3 as reference data. This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum. This is the satellite's return period. The radiation is isotropic to roughly one part in 100,000: the root mean square variations are only 18 µK,[9] after subtracting out a dipole anisotropy from the Doppler shift of the background radiation. In the Big Bang model for the formation of the universe, inflationary cosmology predicts that after about 10−37 seconds[12] the nascent universe underwent exponential growth that smoothed out nearly all irregularities. 2 "Thank you, sir," she replied. As the universe expanded, both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler. In LISA Pathfinder, the test masses consist of a 1.96kg cube of Gold:Platinum mono-phasic alloy of dimension 46mm on a side. A third space mission, the ESA (European Space Agency) Planck Surveyor, was launched in May 2009 and performed an even more detailed investigation until it was shut down in October 2013. ) There are two types of polarization, called E-modes and B-modes. The mainstream astronomical community, however, was not intrigued at the time by cosmology. Its energy density is Each input feature is renamed with a unique AppEEARS ID (AID). However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise, or glow, almost isotropic, that is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. Credit: NOAA. However, observations of galaxies today seem to indicate that most of the volume of the intergalactic medium (IGM) consists of ionized material (since there are few absorption lines due to hydrogen atoms). Data are available from 2002 to the present. The first-year WMAP results put the time at which P(t) has a maximum as 372,000 years. NASA provides a wealth of data that support this understanding. The Big Bang and Cosmic Microwave Background – October 2006, Visualization of the CMB data from the Planck mission, "CMBR: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation", Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy, Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network, Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science, Religious interpretations of the Big Bang, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_microwave_background&oldid=1024828411, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Humankind. The suite of tools provide access to a broad range of satellite-derived products and key parameters of interest to the oceanographic community. Black Marble imagery in Worldview is an image composite that was assembled from clear, cloud-free images for 2012 and 2016. 3 ⟨ With the Global Subset Tool, you can request a subset for any location on earth, provided as GeoTiff and in text format, including interactive time-series plots and more. Research-quality data products can be accessed via Earthdata Search: Because of the long time series of the data, several merged data products have been developed to assess SSH anomalies. Antarctic ice loss is dominated by acceleration, retreat, and rapid thinning of major West Antarctic outlet glaciers, driven by melting of ice shelves by warm ocean waters. The sea level indicator contains visualizations to show the effect on coastal regions for each meter of sea level rise, up to 6 meters (19.7 feet). A GMSL Jupyter Notebook contains code and scripts for downloading the ASCII table, loading to a data frame, and plotting the data. This implies a period of reionization during which some of the material of the universe was broken into hydrogen ions. Pour usage ponctuel. Giovanni is an online environment for the display and analysis of geophysical parameters. This is not the case for instruments at higher resolutions, like those on the NASA/USGS Landsat series. [10] The CMB dipole and aberration at higher multipoles have been measured, consistent with galactic motion.[11]. Credit: NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC). If we compare the phase and amplitude contour lines passing through the receivers, the amplitude extends to a significantly deeper region of the formation than the phase. DASI made the first detection of the polarization of the CMB and the CBI provided the first E-mode polarization spectrum with compelling evidence that it is out of phase with the T-mode spectrum. × From the available datasets, you can specify a date and then select from MODIS Sinusoidal Projection or Geographic Lat/Long. {\displaystyle Y(\theta ,\varphi )} The mascon CRI layer provides global water storage anomalies relative to a time-mean of monthly mass grids as derived from GRACE. The amplitude of a spherical wave will fall off as the inverse of the distance from the source (the 1/R term in the formulas for h above). The dataset is based upon nighttime skin (or surface) and sub-skin observations from several instruments, including satellite and in situ observations. The Layer Stats plot provides time series boxplots for all of the sample data for a given feature, data layer, and observation. Filling in data gaps: The United States is fortunate to have numerous ground-based measurements for assessing water storage, precipitation, and more. A48L5 . You will need an Earthdata login to request data. Moreover, the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination. Depth of investigation can also be studied by modeling tool response in invaded formations. SEDAC's POPGRID Viewer enables direct comparison of different population datasets based on different data sources and methodologies. View and Download Tektronix TSG 90 PATHFINDER user manual online. The following are the more popular ones. g The peaks contain interesting physical signatures. 10 Constraints on many cosmological parameters can be obtained from their effects on the power spectrum, and results are often calculated using Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques. Using mascons rather than the standard spherical harmonic approach, which has been the standard for the first decade of GRACE/GRACE-FO observations, offers several key advantages. Data products, such as sea level impact on wetlands, coastal zone urban-rural population, and more, can be accessed via Earthdata Search: The VIIRS Day/Night Band (DNB) shows the earth's surface and atmosphere using a sensor designed to capture low-light emission sources, under varying illumination conditions, which provides an assessment of power outages or changes in nighttime light conditions across an area, due to flood conditions. They orbit 180° apart, together imaging the entire Earth every six days. The Sophons. [75][76], The second type of B-modes was discovered in 2013 using the South Pole Telescope with help from the Herschel Space Observatory. GMSL has risen about 8–9 inches (21–24 centimeters) since 1880, with about a third of that coming in just the last two and a half decades. m Satellite data, coupled with ground-based data, aids in our understanding of the factors contributing to sea level change, forecasting, risk and response, impacts, and much more. Note that the Aquarius data are only available from 2011–2015 and are at a much coarser spatial resolution than SMAP. eV Here comes Endless Space 2 trailer : we are very proud to have been chosen by Amplitude Studios and Sega to create this movie with Niels Prayer director--PRODUCER : ULF, Amar BOUACHERIA ANIMATION STUDIO : SUPAMONKS EXECUTIVE PRODUCER : Julien "kAst" BAGNOL LINE PRODUCER : Pierre de CABISSOLE, Quentin JUILLARD DIRECTOR : Niels PRAYER SUPERVISOR : Maxime CARON … All of them are constantly in motion. LISA Pathfinder was launched on December 3, 2015 as a proof-of-concept that tests that the noise characteristics of free-floating test masses within the spacecraft are small enough compared to an expected gravitational wave signal. By this measure, decoupling took place over roughly 115,000 years, and when it was complete, the universe was roughly 487,000 years old. Watch Queue Queue. It would work. Global Land Ice Measurements from Space map of glaciers in Peru, South America. Although there were several previous estimates of the temperature of space, these suffered from two flaws. Inspired by the initial COBE results of an extremely isotropic and homogeneous background, a series of ground- and balloon-based experiments quantified CMB anisotropies on smaller angular scales over the next decade. Credit: NASA. ) Water levels are relative to Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) (excludes wind driven tides). For more information on this approach, view Monthly Mass Grids. Power Spectra Estimation, application note 255 (1980) LISA pathfinder Recommendation for Power Spectra Density estimation; Portail de l'analyse La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 31 mars 2020 à 21:40. 2 Thermal expansion and the addition of fresh water to oceans from glacier and ice sheet melt are causing a rise in GMSL. MEaSUREs develops consistent global- and continental-scale Earth System Data Records by supporting projects that produce data using proven algorithms and input. A48H . The Delta-X mission uses airborne (remote sensing) and field measurements to look at the water, vegetation, and sediment (soil). In June 2001, NASA launched a second CMB space mission, WMAP, to make much more precise measurements of the large scale anisotropies over the full sky. A. Readhead et al., "Polarization observations with the Cosmic Background Imager", Science 306, 836–844 (2004). The TMs in LISA are the reference bodies at the ends of each … EWR-M5 . NASA also has merged/fused products that are derived from multi-sensor data applied to oceanographic equations. Measurements of the CMB have made the inflationary Big Bang theory the Standard Cosmological Model. Presearch is a decentralized search engine, powered by the community. Enter the product short name (e.g., MOD09A1, ECO3ETPTJPL), keywords from the product long name, a spatial resolution, a temporal extent, or a temporal resolution into the search bar. Amplitudes Découper l’intervalle de valeurs en plages de mêmes longueurs Compréhension Aucune adaptation à la distribution des données Jenks Maximiser la variance (dispersion) entre les classes et minimiser la variance au sein des classes Adaptation à la distribution Besoin de vérifier A48H . … Note that the resolution of the data are greater than 150,000 km2 so the sensors only measure change within large reservoirs. [52] The first results from this mission, disclosed in 2003, were detailed measurements of the angular power spectrum at a scale of less than one degree, tightly constraining various cosmological parameters. Sea Level 101, Part Two: All Sea Level is 'Local', Sea Change: Why Long Records of Coastal Climate Matter, State of the Cryosphere: Contribution of the Cryosphere to Changes in Sea Level, Reconstructed GMSL from GRACE and In Situ 1900 to 2018 from Earthdata Search, Integrated Multi-Mission Ocean Altimeter Data for Climate Research from Earthdata Search, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Ocean, Ice, and Hydrology Equivalent Water Height data from Earthdata Search, Tellus Level-4 Greenland Mass Anomaly Time Series from Earthdata Search, Tellus Level-4 Antarctica Mass Anomaly Time Series from Earthdata Search, ICESat Global Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheet Altimetry data from Earthdata Search, ICESat-2 Land Ice Height from Earthdata Search, IceBridge Ice Thickness data from Earthdata Search, OMG Glacial Elevations from Earthdata Search, Tools for Data Access and Visualization section, MERRA-2 Eastern and Northward Winds from Earthdata Search, SPURS-1 salinity data from Earthdata Search, SPURS-2 salinity data from Earthdata Search, Saildrone field data from Earthdata Search, Terra MODIS SST data from Earthdata Search, Aqua MODIS SST data from Earthdata Search, Suomi NPP VIIRS SST from Earthdata Search, Terra and Aqua MODIS SST data in Worldview, MUR SST temperature anomalies in Worldview, Merged SSH anomalies data via Earthdata Search, Reconstructed SSH anomalies data from Earthdata Search, GRACE WET Surface Mass Anomaly from Earthdata Search, GRACE-FO WET Surface Mass Anomaly from Earthdata Search, MEaSUREs Pre-SWOT Hydrology Data from Earthdata Search, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B SAR data from Earthdata Search, Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B SAR data from Vertex, Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle SAR (UAVSAR) from Earthdata Search, Applications of SAR Data in GIS Environments, GRACE TELLUS GIA data from Earthdata Search, MODIS Surface Reflectance from Earthdata Search, Suomi NPP VIIRS Surface Reflectance from Earthdata Search, Suomi NPP VIIRS Corrected Reflectance in Worldview, NOAA-20 VIIRS Corrected Reflectance in Worldview, Sea Level Change Socioeconomic-related data from Earthdata Search, Sea Level Change: Observations from Space portal, Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans SAR (TOPSAR) processing technique, NASA Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) Airborne, Glacier and Land Ice Surface Topography Interferometer Airborne (GLISTIN-A) radar, Global Mean Sea Level, Sea Surface Height Anomalies, NASA Topographic Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2, Jason-3, NASA Radar Altimeter (NRA), TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR), Poseidon-2, Jason-1 Microwave Radiometer, Poseidon-3, Advance Microwave Radiometer (AMR), Poseidon-3b, Global Water Storage/Height Anomalies; Global Mean Sea Level, NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO), Star Camera Assembly (SCA), K-Band Ranging System (KBR), and SuperSTAR Accelerometer (ACC), NASA Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2, Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS), Glacier and Ice Surface Topography Interferometer (GLISTIN-A), JAXA and METI Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1 (ALOS), Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), Nighttime Imagery, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Reflectance, NASA/NOAA Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) NOAA-20 satellite and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (Suomi NPP), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) *, NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS), NASA/ Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas (SAC), Aquarius passive microwave radiometers and active scatterometer, Air Surface Water and Ocean Topography (AirSWOT), Landsat 7: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Surface Reflectance, Sea Surface Temperature, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) *, Land surface temperature, surface humidity, winds, soil moisture. Summer melting of the Greenland ice sheet has increased to a level unprecedented over at least the last 350 years. The primary goal of these experiments was to measure the angular scale of the first acoustic peak, for which COBE did not have sufficient resolution. NASA also provides datasets to help assess the impacts, exposure, and vulnerability of individual communities to rising sea levels. More than 90% of atmospheric heat is absorbed by the ocean, causing the ocean to warm and expand; this is called thermal expansion. Natural-color image from Landsat's Operational Land Imager. NASA is developing the mission with the ESA, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, and NOAA. Together with other cosmological data, these results implied that the geometry of the universe is flat. Ondes gravitationnelles engendrées par un système binaire. The said procedure happened at a redshift of around z ⋍ 1100. In addition, a GMSL trend has been generated by integrating ocean altimeter data from multiple missions. Our current scientific understanding of sea level change is unprecedented due in large part to the long-term records of sea level and almost 30 years of satellite altimetry. A48L . When the temperature had dropped enough, protons and electrons combined to form neutral hydrogen atoms. Web service client and libraries are available in multiple programming languages, allowing integration of subsets into users' workflow. [41][42][43] These measurements demonstrated that the geometry of the universe is approximately flat, rather than curved. [20][21][22][23] Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background to be 5 K, though two years later they re-estimated it at 28 K. This high estimate was due to a misestimate of the Hubble constant by Alfred Behr, which could not be replicated and was later abandoned for the earlier estimate. The data can be visualized through Worldview and PO.DAAC's SOTO tool. Mass Concentration blocks (mascons) are essentially another form of gravity field basis function to which GRACE's inter-satellite ranging observations are fit. There are many options for analysis. Additional ground-based instruments such as the South Pole Telescope in Antarctica and the proposed Clover Project, Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the QUIET telescope in Chile will provide additional data not available from satellite observations, possibly including the B-mode polarization. In determining whether or not to use remote sensing data, it is important to understand not only the benefits but also the limitations of the data. [15], The color temperature of the ensemble of decoupled photons has continued to diminish ever since; now down to 2.7260±0.0013 K,[5] it will continue to drop as the universe expands. Satellites enable measurement of SST from approximately 10 µm below the surface (infrared bands) to 1 mm (microwave bands) depths using radiometers. C − Alternatively, if spectral radiance is defined as dEλ/dλ, then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm (282 GHz, 1.168 ⋅ 10−3 eV photons). refers to a spherical harmonic, and ℓ is the multipole number while m is the azimuthal number. Y Apparently, these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galaxy clusters and dark matter. Endless Space 2 features nine major factions, each with their own asymmetrical gameplay, storyline, homeworlds, spaceships, heroes and technologies. Updated daily to include the lastest Free MMOs, RPGs and more for MMORPG fans. φ As an indie developer, you can go very far with the free tier. Sea Level 101: What Determines the Level of the Sea? Amplitude has given me great insights at an incredible price. The most prominent of the foreground effects is the dipole anisotropy caused by the Sun's motion relative to the CMBR background. The estimates would yield very different predictions if Earth happened to be located elsewhere in the universe. Researchers have to make trade-offs. Be sure to read the list of available products available through AppEEARS. Votre communication est efficace, vous êtes capable d'interpréter les informations de manière claire et précise pour communiquer de manière concise les résultats et les recommandations à tous les niveaux de l'organisation. According to the map, subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the cosmos was about 370000 years old. In particular, the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies, or irregularities, which vary with the size of the region examined. NASA's Operation IceBridge, bridging the temporal gap between the ICESat missions, images Earth's polar ice to better understand connections between polar regions and the global climate system. I found them a bit hard to understand, but I assume that the main limitation was my knowledge and not the tool itself. 3 N 29°47’23’’ W 95°40’51’’ QuietSeis MEMS Standard MEMS 15 40 Noise Density (ng/VHz) Digital Fidelity The DFU is equipped with Sercel’s field proven QuietSeis broadband sensor that outputs a digital signal which provides a much higher fidelity representation of ground motion than that provided by analog geophones. | Recent observations with the Planck telescope, which is very much more sensitive than WMAP and has a larger angular resolution, record the same anomaly, and so instrumental error (but not foreground contamination) appears to be ruled out. cm Today these free charges are at sufficiently low density in most of the volume of the universe that they do not measurably affect the CMB. You can also choose from a variety of projection options. There are two fundamental types of density perturbations called adiabatic and isocurvature. For more information on this process, see GRACE TELLUS GIA. π The detailed analysis of CMBR data to produce maps, an angular power spectrum, and ultimately cosmological parameters is a complicated, computationally difficult problem. Research-quality data products can be accessed via Earthdata Search; for subsetting SSH data, use PO.DAAC's HiTIDE Tool (see the Tools for Data Access and Visualization section for more information): ICESat-2 also collected SSH at variable length scales over cloud-free regions. Scientists are working to determine more precisely how much more ice will be lost in both Greenland and Antarctica and when that loss will occur. Specify the range of dates for which you wish to extract data by entering a start and end date (MM-DD-YYYY) or by clicking on the Calendar icon and selecting dates a start and end date in the calendar. 2004 – E-mode polarization spectrum obtained by the. J'aime Je n'aime pas . 3 The European Commission is providing funding support. Floods Data Pathfinder. The ocean plays a huge role in the hydrologic cycle, transporting water around the globe. Page Last Updated: Apr 26, 2021 at 8:20 PM EDT, Benefits and Limitations of Remote Sensing Data, Agriculture and Water Resources Data Pathfinder, Biological Diversity and Ecological Forecasting Data Pathfinder, Emissions Could Add 15 Inches to Sea Level by 2100, NASA-Led Study Finds, Global Survey Using NASA Data Shows Dramatic Growth of Glacial Lakes, NASA-led study reveals the causes of sea level rise since 1900, Seal takes ocean heat transport data to new depths. Saildrone is a state-of-the-art, wind-and-solar-powered Uninhabited Surface Vehicle (USV) capable of long distance deployments lasting up to 12 months. The polar stereographic amplitudes (top panel) were constructed from the diurnal and semidiurnal fields at 5° longitude intervals. Chip Power Model (CPM) is a compact and SPICE-accurate model of the full-chip power delivery network. LISA Pathfinder [1] (LPF) is a European Space Agency missionlaunchedonDecember3,2015anddedicatedtoan end-to-end experimental demonstration of the free fall of test masses (TMs) at the level required for a future space-based gravitational wave (GW) observatory, such as LISA [2]. The resulting coregistered stack product will appear in the Product Explorer window with the suffix Orb Stack. [4X Amplitude] Endless Legend. Visualize: Open the files in the Sentinel Toolbox. However, if the IGM was ionized at very early times when the universe was still denser, then there are two main effects on the CMB: Both of these effects have been observed by the WMAP spacecraft, providing evidence that the universe was ionized at very early times, at a redshift more than 17.
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