She was imprisoned for two and a quarter years at Jauer and Lichtenburg. Building materials became scarce, and to supply the demand, in 1938 camps using mass forced labour at Flossenbürg and Mauthausen were opened. [33] In addition to planes, some 7,000 square metres (75,000 sq ft) of Gusen II tunnels served as factories for various war materials. [46], In early 1941, almost all the Poles and Spaniards, except for a small group of specialists working in the quarry's stone mill, were transferred from Mauthausen to Gusen. Concentration camp inmates were also used as live test subjects in individual doctors research experiments. Food, or the lack of it, dominated the consciousness of the concentration camp prisoner. The prisoner number is #38641. Throughout this time, prisoners would have to stand outside – often in extreme weather. Their treatment depended largely on the category assigned to each inmate, as well as their nationality and rank within the system. Part of a punishment report from 28 March 1944 at Natzweiler concentration camp. Answer #1. Anyone who completed these tasks too slowly faced punishment. [citation needed], Mauthausen was declared a national memorial site in 1949. Kosiek. [68] Another method of extermination were icy showers – some 3,000 inmates died of hypothermia after having been forced to take an icy cold shower and then left outside in cold weather. From the end of March 1942, the minimum working day numbered 11 hours. Un libro è un insieme di fogli, stampati oppure manoscritti, delle stesse dimensioni, rilegati insieme in un certo ordine e racchiusi da una copertina.. Il libro è il veicolo più diffuso del sapere. [47], Throughout the years of World War II, the Mauthausen and its subcamps received new prisoners in smaller transports daily, mostly from other concentration camps in German-occupied Europe. Altogether, 45 larger companies took part in making Mauthausen and its subcamps one of the most profitable concentration camps of Nazi Germany, with more than 11,000,000 Reichsmark[note 3] in profits in 1944 alone (EUR 80.1 million in 2021). And it’s still not enough. Micha Shaw, former pro swimmer, walks us through five yoga poses that help athletes who perform repeated movements day in and day out, to not only increase flexibility, mobility and strength, but also bring awareness to movement patterns, enhance performance and stay injury-free. Lunch would be vegetable soup, occasionally served with bread, and dinner would be more soup, or in some of the earlier camps, bread and cheese. Partager: partager. The captives were forced into goods wagons from all over Europe and traveled for several days or weeks without water or food. Here, parts of a factory infrastructure were converted into the third Gusen camp. There were three main types of Kapos: work supervisors, block elders, and camp administrators. A typical transport contained approximately 1000 people, though this varied greatly across the Third Reich and depended on both the original location and the final destination. [citation needed]. The prisoners then had between 30-45 minutes to use the toilet, get dressed, make their beds, clean the barracks and have breakfast. As the Nazis began preparations for war, the SS economy expanded and prisoner labour became even more important. However, from that point onwards, different groups of society who were either viewed as racially inferior, or who opposed the Nazis, also began to be targeted. This estimate varied across sub-groups. Or someone who is tall, muscular, and exercises a lot? If food takes up 2.3 kg and 0.0058 m 3 per person-day, you multiply by 1,250 to calculate the spacecraft needs to accommodate 2,875 kg and 7.25 m 3 for the food supply. In later years, in many of the camps, lunch was brought to the prisoners work places, in order to reduce the amount of time walking and increase the amount of time working. [14] Of the main subcamps of Mauthausen, only Gusen III was to be evacuated. It is based on certain averages as well as recommendations from institutions such as the World Health Organization. Shortly after the Night of Long Knives, the SS became an independent organisation (rather than a sub-section of the SA). Kapos had more authority than regular prisoners and were typically given preferential treatment, such as extra rations, not having to complete hard physical labour or more hygienic and larger sleeping spaces. The movement of labour to the forefront of prisoner life had a negative impact on their life expectancy and general wellbeing in the camps. Estimating How Much Food You Need. The Commandant of Melk was Obersturmbannfûhrer Julius Ludolf. Their first move in consolidating control over the camps in the Third Reich was to shut down SA camps, such as Oranienburg. This was a tactical move, aiming to reduce the number of prisoner deaths so that they could be exploited to work for longer. It became part of the concentration camp system in 1943. The matter is further complicated due to some of the inmates of Gusen being murdered in Mauthausen, and at least 3,423 were sent to Hartheim Castle, 40.7 km (25.3 mi) away. Alexandra Atheinitou, 32, from London, who tipped the scales at 17st 6lb and was a size 22, would secretly binge on over 3,000 calories a day and then lie to her husband has gone on to lose 6st. [citation needed]. Prisoners clothing was usually inadequate for the conditions in which they were expected to work and live. The work in the quarries – often in unbearable heat or in temperatures as low as −30 °C (−22 °F)[36] – led to exceptionally high mortality rates. According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps strongly varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) but dropping considerably in the post-war years (about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s). Similar groups were sent from Auschwitz to Gusen and Mauthausen in April and November 1943, and then in January and February 1944. Ziereis himself stated in his testimony written on 25 May that it was his wife who convinced him not to follow the order from above. [citation needed], Among the inmates liberated from the camp was Lieutenant Jack Taylor, an officer of the Office of Strategic Services. The rock quarry in Mauthausen was at the base of the "Stairs of Death". These two events, and the resulting arrests and deportations, meant that Jews became the largest prisoner group for the first time since the introduction of the Nazi concentration camps in Germany in 1933. The Auschwitz concentration camp (German: ... but he later changed this to 744 per barracks, which meant the camp could hold 125,000, rather than 97,000. Mengele was particularly interested in twins, people with different colored eyes, and people with physical impairments. Unlike many other concentration camps, which were intended for all categories of prisoners, Mauthausen was mostly used for extermination through labour of the intelligentsia – educated people and members of the higher social classes in countries subjugated by the Nazi regime during World War II. The two largest camps, Mauthausen and Gusen I, were classed as "Grade III" (Stufe III) concentration camps, which meant that they were intended to be the toughest camps for the "incorrigible political enemies of the Reich". [40] It was capable of killing about 120 prisoners at a time when it was completed. [1] In December 1944, Gusen III was opened in nearby Lungitz. 'We try to hit 7,000 calories a day, but it's not easy for anyone to take in that much food even though we're breaking it up into smaller meals,' he continued. This was a tactical move, aiming to reduce the number of prisoner deaths so that they could be exploited to work for longer. [66] Hans Maršálek estimated that an average life expectancy of newly arrived prisoners in Gusen varied from six months between 1940 and 1942, to less than three months in early 1945. Most of them were kept in huts separated from the rest of the camp. These experiments primarily took place on women prisoners at Auschwitz and Ravensbrück. [note 2] On 8 May 1939 it was converted to a labour camp which was mainly used for the incarceration of political prisoners. As the camps expanded, so did the number and different categories of prisoners. [22][23] This camp had many prisoners of war, mostly Soviet officers. It’s bullshit. [17], DEST began purchasing land at St Georgen/Gusen in May 1938. In 1956 the mortality rate dropped to 0.4%. Image courtesy of USHMM. The growing number of prisoners made this system too expensive and from 1940, Mauthausen was one of the few camps in the West to use a gas chamber on a regular basis. [66] A large number of inmates were drowned in barrels of water at Gusen II. A chart showing some of the different types of badges used to identify different prisoners. [44] Camp Gusen II was called by Germans Vernichtungslager für die polnische Intelligenz ("Extermination camp for the Polish intelligentsia"). The SS began shutting down SA camps, and restructuring existing camps on the original Dachau SS camp model. Here he describes the small amount of daily food given in Auschwitz-Birkenau ‘Food: early ¼ coffee, midday ½ water gruel, evenings 200 grams bread with 20 grams margarine, or a slice of sausage’. Heim was dubbed "Doctor Death" by the inmates; he was in Gusen for seven weeks, which was enough to carry out his experiments. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library, International Tracing Service Digital Archive, Document Number 5726161. In 1943, an underground factory for the Steyr-Daimler-Puch company was built in Gusen. Le quotidien. Despite the lack of positive results, Heissmeyer continued his experiments, and started new rounds on children in 1945. "You'll turn a regular weight-training day into a high-intensity routine," Stokes says. Toilet and washing facilities (where there was usually only dirty water and no soap or toilet paper) were shared by up to 2000 prisoners. Sachsenhausen Concentration Camp was opened in 1936. This set of experiments forced inmates to be submerged in cold water. By the end of the war, 22 main concentration camps were established, together with around 1,200 affiliate camps, Aussenkommandos, and thousands of smaller camps. Therefore, the recommended fish consumption per week for … Once it's 7:45 p.m., all is quiet at the Tanaka house in Los Angeles. [6] In the offices of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) it was referred to by the nickname Knochenmühle – the bone-grinder (literally bone-mill).[6]. In addition to forced labour, the Nazis used prisoners incarcerated in camps as live test subjects for medical experiments. In addition to this, their authority, especially in regards to punishing or informing on other fellow prisoners meant that they were often unpopular and disliked. However, a majority of prisoners remained unaffected by the change, as the packages from institutions such as the Red Cross were not equal to the number of prisoners, and many prisoners families were also imprisoned and therefore could not send parcels. Health authorities do set some baselines – these are 1200 calories per day for women, and 1800 calories per day for men. Hitler’s Nazis found out in the concentration camps that people can survive on relatively a small amount of food each day. [99][100] He had managed to survive with the help of several prisoners and was later a key witness at the Mauthausen-Gusen camp trials carried out by the Dachau International Military Tribunal. The subcamps were divided into several categories, depending on their main function: Produktionslager for factory workers, Baulager for construction, Aufräumlager for cleaning the rubble in Allied-bombed towns, and Kleinlager (small camps) where the inmates were working specifically for the SS. Food for prisoners was scarce throughout the camps’ existence, but became significantly more so following the outbreak of the Second World War. This was a tactical move, aiming to reduce the number of prisoner deaths so that they could be exploited to work for longer. During his time working in the photography lab of the camp, he smuggled 3,000 negatives out of the camp and later used this photographic evidence to testify at the Nuremberg trials. 2. Early camps in Germany were controlled by different groups in different parts of the country, with different structures and conditions in each. Any prisoners that collapsed or were found to be missing faced beatings, torture or execution. [95] Stanisław Dobosiewicz, the author of a monumental monograph of Mauthausen and its subcamps, explains that one of the possible causes of the failure of the German plan was that the Polish prisoners managed to cut the fuse wires. Here, prisoners perform forced labour at the camp. A similar plan was also devised by the Spanish inmates.[96]. Anything and everything was traded, from food to buttons or clothing. The political function of the camp continued in parallel with its economic role. [3] After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the as-yet unfinished Mauthausen camp was already overcrowded with prisoners. The 2015-2020 US Dietary Guidelines note that adult women need an estimated 1,600 to 2,400 calories per day and adult men need about 2,000 to … Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library, International Tracing Service Digital Archive, Document Number 5842831. One day in June, through hallucinations of his fever, Liebich saw “the Tommies” coming into the camp. Until at least 1942, it was used for the imprisonment and murder of the Nazi's political and ideological enemies, real and imagined. [5][10] Although the camp was controlled by the German state from the beginning, it was founded by a private company as an economic enterprise.[10]. These experiments were usually extremely painful, debilitating, and in many cases, lethal. Jews wore two yellow triangles which formed the Star of David, political prisoners wore red triangles, Roma wore brown triangles, although they were also sometimes classed as ‘asocials’, which was represented with black triangles, homosexuals wore pink triangles, and Jehovah’s Witnesses wore purple triangles. When a new prisoner arrived at a camp, they were registered and usually issued with a registration card. [citation needed]. By the end of the war, the list included 101 camps (including 49 major subcamps)[27] which covered most of modern Austria, from Mittersill south of Salzburg to Schwechat east of Vienna and from Passau on the prewar Austro-German border to the Loibl Pass on the border with Yugoslavia. Altenburg was a sub-camp of Buchenwald, which provided forced labour for the German metalworks company Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft Metallwarenfabrik. [75], The Germans destroyed much of the camp's files and evidence and often allocated newly arrived prisoners the camp numbers of those who had already been killed,[41] so the exact death toll of Mauthausen and its subcamps is impossible to calculate. This image shows the different stages of punishment, from moderate (stage one) to severe (stage three) and the corresponding imprisonment time and conditions. Depending on the time of year, it might be extended to 2 hours or shortened to half an hour. The Mauthausen main camp operated from the time of the Anschluss, when Austria was united with Nazi Germany on 8 August 1938, to 5 May 1945, at the end of the European theatre of Second World War. In Buchenwald, prisoners were issued with labour assignment cards, which details where they were to be forced to work. Some uniforms, especially those of higher-ranking prisoners such as Kapos had pockets, which were extremely useful for concealing extra rations or having useful luxuries such as spoons or cutlery. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library, International Tracing Service Digital Archive, Document Number 7541345. Just six months after Hitler was appointed Chancellor, on 14 July 1933 the Nazis passed their first sterilisation law, which forced people with certain hereditary conditions to be sterilised by law. Those that had died during the day were also brought out to the roll call to be counted. The reason for their imprisonment was their rejection of giving the loyalty oath to Hitler and their refusal to participate in any kind of military service. Prisoners performed various kinds of labor inside and outside the camp boundaries. Lesser-Known Concentration Camps. [73] Paradoxically, with the growth of forced labour industry in various subcamps of Mauthausen, the situation of some of the prisoners improved significantly. Hedwig was arrested in 1936 for political opposition to the Nazis. This included sugars from all sources including milk products, vegetables, and fruit as well as free sugars. Images Courtesy of Wikipedia Most prisoners from Japanese concentration camps were sent to forced labor in mines, factories or construction sites. Prisoners then lined up for the morning roll call, a registration of all prisoners in the camp (including those who had died in the night or those that were ill), on the Appellplatz. As a result, many exhausted prisoners collapsed in front of the other prisoners in the line, and then fell on top of the other prisoners, creating a domino effect; the first prisoner falling onto the next, and so on, all the way down the stairs. After registration the prisoners were told to undress. As a result, forced labour from both concentration camp prisoners, Ostarbeiter and foreign workers was greatly extended. [57], Mauthausen was not the only concentration camp where the German authorities implemented their extermination through labour (Vernichtung durch Arbeit) programme, but the regime at Mauthausen was one of the most brutal and severe. It certainly beat the prospect of a long day in camp spent fi d-dling with research equipment. The available Mauthausen inmate statistics[57] from the spring of 1943, shows that there were 2,400 prisoners below the age of 20, which was 12.8% of the 18,655 population. The type of work carried out varied between each camp. The number of imprisoned children increased 6.2 times, whereas the total number of adult prisoners during the same period multiplied by a factor of only four. Mauthausen was one of the first massive concentration camp complexes in Nazi Germany, and the last to be liberated by the Allies. Although the Mauthausen camp complex was mostly a labour camp for men, a women's camp was opened in Mauthausen, in September 1944, with the first transport of female prisoners from Auschwitz. As such, many prisoners died on route to the camps from dehydration, starvation or suffocation. Out of approximately 320,000 prisoners who were incarcerated in various subcamps of Mauthausen throughout the war, only approximately 80,000 survived,[86] including between 20,487[85] and 21,386[87][note 10] in Gusen I, II and III. This, again, could take hours due to inaccuracies and beatings. During the first days after the liberation, the camp's main chancellery was seized by the members of a Polish inmate resistance organization; they secured it against the wishes of other inmates who wanted to burn it. Initially, the Soviet authorities used parts of the Mauthausen and Gusen I camps as barracks for the Red Army. Others, exhausted, simply retired to their beds. Click here. The prisoners were often forced to sing belittling songs about themselves or others in the camps along the way, for the amusement of the SS officers. In Gusen I, the prisoners were ordered to build several large tunnels beneath the hills surrounding the camp (code-named Kellerbau). The first transports from Auschwitz arrived in February 1942. Men were given a cap, trousers and jacket to wear. In the early summer of 1947, the Soviet forces had blown up the tunnels and were then withdrawn from the area, while the camp was turned over to Austrian civilian authorities. The last group – roughly 10,000 prisoners – was evacuated in the last wave in January 1945, only a few weeks before the Soviet liberation of the Auschwitz-Birkenau complex. [53][54] The Kapos formed the main part of the so-called Prominents (German: Prominenz), or prisoners who were given a much better treatment than the average inmate.[55].
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