Among them Забава (fun or game), Истома, Крик (scream), Скряба, Молчан (silent one), Неулыба (one who does not smile), Булгак (restless), Смеяна (one who laughs) и Несмеяна (one who does not laugh). Indians, particularly Tamils in Singapore, often continue the patronymic tradition; this entails having a single given name, followed by son / daughter of, followed by their father's name. Sometimes several children in one family would bear one name. . Kardashian, Asdvadzadourian, Hagopian, Khachadourian, Mardirosian, Bedrosian, Sarkissian, etc. Colloquial Scottish Gaelic also has other patronymics of a slightly different form for individuals, still in use (for more information please see: Scottish Gaelic personal naming system). As mentioned above, parents were free to pick any name they wished, and this freedom led to active name formation, which later was dubbed "anthroponymic bang". "Mc" is also a frequent anglicisation in both Scotland and Ireland. As a matter of fact, any word could be used as a name; function of civil registry was reduced to proper registration of citizens. M.Karunanidhi's son prefers to be referred as M.K.Stalin incorporating both his fathers and grandfather's names. Since ancient times, men and women were referred to and named using this system. Patronymics are usually formed by the addition of "i" ("of", pronounced as ee) to the father's name, e.g. This sort of nickname exceeds family names in number - an adult has more distinct characteristics that can be used as a basis for a nickname than a child. by Laura Grainger. If one is to refer to a person with a single name, they will always use the person's given name. For example, Chávez is not the son of Chavo, but comes from Galician or Portuguese chaves, meaning "keys", with the "s" denoting the plural form of chave, as is the case of key/keys in English.[14]. In Portugal, there are some surnames that had a patronymic genesis but, while still common, no longer indicate patronymic usage. Eventually, most Nordic countries replaced or complemented this system with the prevailing "international" standard of inherited family names. Dima Malikov, Dima Bilan, Vlad Topalov, Nastya Poleva, Tanya Bulanova, Vika Tsyganova, Lyuba Uspenskaya, Masha Rasputina, Natasha Koroleva became known under their short names. Religious tradition dictated that children should be named in honor of a saint, praised on the day of baptism. Traditionally Muslim and non-Arabic speaking African people, such as Hausa and Fulani people usually (with some exceptions) follow the Arab naming pattern. They are often used by parents addressing their children. But sometimes the caste name is omitted. Kikuyu used 'wa' meaning 'of'. Patronymic, first attested in English in 1612, has a more complex history. Some families follow the tradition of retaining the name of the hometown, the grandfather's name, or both as initials. The usual noun and adjective in English is patronymic, but as a noun this exists in free variation alongside patronym. Somalis use their paternal grandfather's given name as their legal surname for documentation purpose. are referred by their preferred names which include their caste names. There are names for which a short form is difficult to produce. In Aramaic, the prefix bar- means "son" and is used as a prefix meaning "son of". [20] For example, Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (i.e. 95% of the Russian-speaking population in the Soviet Union in the 1980s had calendar names. At the end of World War II, English writer George Orwell used cold war, as a general term, in his essay "You and the Atomic Bomb", published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune.Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, Orwell looked at James Burnham's predictions of a polarized world, writing: In medieval Russia two types of names were in use: canonical names given at baptism (calendar or Christian names, usually modified) and non-canonical. For example, in Russian, a man named Ivan with a father named Nikolay would be known as Ivan Nikolayevich or "Ivan, son of Nikolay" (Nikolayevich being a patronymic). For instance, Álvares was the son of Álvaro and Gonçalves was the son of Gonçalo (it was the case of Nuno Álvares Pereira, son of Álvaro and Gonçalves Pereira, son of Gonçalo Pereira). Popularity of pagan names resulted in formation of various diminutive forms: Bychko from Byk, Zhdanko from Zhdan, Puzeika from Puzo and so on. Both Greek words had entered Latin, and, from Latin, French. Normally in such case, they are spelled as one word (i.e. It is used in synagogue and in documents in Jewish law such as the ketubah (marriage contract). For instance, Hayder Muhammed al-Tikriti is the son of Muhammed named Hayder, and he is from the town of Tikrit. Ancient Slavic names include Stanislav (Станислав), Rada (Рада) and Radomir (Радомир), and Dobromila. Eldar Mammadoğlu, Sabina Yusifqızı). For example, if the father's name is Boggi Sinaga who married to Moetia Siregar then all children will be given family's name of Sinaga. "Jóhanna, daughter of Sigurð[ur]"). Patronymics were composed of the father's name plus an ending -zoon for sons, -dochter for daughters. However, they didn't become completely extinct, as they served as basis for major part of Russian surnames (the first stage of surname formation took place in the 15th century). Russian language has neutral suffixes that are used (sometimes with -a and -ya) with more radically truncated stems: Unrestrained derivation of new names made possible coexistence of multiple short forms of the same name. Minei were among the first books to be translated into Russian from Greek. After surnames were commonly adopted in Azerbaijan in the 1920s, patronymics still remained parts of full names, i.e. Dictionary of Old Slavonic names by N. M. Tupikov, printed in 1903, comprised 5300 masculine and 50 feminine names. Angharad verch Owain would be "Angharad, daughter of Owain". Vuk Karadžić himself used patronymic Stefanović (son of Steven), and sometimes Karadzić, old family name. Later it became Suáriz, Suárez (both Spanish) and eventually Soares (Portuguese) . Only in the 19th century did the use of patronymics gain any sort of popularity among the Finnish-speaking lower classes. Georgian last names derive mostly from patronymics, nicknames and places of origin. 177 Russian Baby Boy Names With Meanings Russia is the world's largest country by landmass. The most popular names had many forms. Examples in titles of classical Russian literature include The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin, The Death of Ivan Ilyich and "The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich Quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich". Some Kenyan communities used patronyms. if father's name is "Armen", the corresponding patronymic would be "Armeni" (of Armen). Diminutive forms can be derived from both short and full names. It was documented in baptismal register books. As opposed to full, formal names, their short forms are emotional. It has never been a particularly common English given name. Ethiopian and Eritreans use a naming pattern very similar to the Arab naming pattern, but with one exception: no suffix or prefix. In addition to these surnames, actual patronymics are used in official documents as "middle names" preceding the surname. For example: Shahpur (son of king) and Sinapur (son of Sina). In addition, the archaic French (more specifically, Norman) prefix fitz (cognate with the modern French fils, meaning "son") appears in England's aristocratic family lines dating from the Norman Conquest, and also among the Anglo-Irish. For women, the ending is -yevna, -ovna or -ichna. On the boys list, Liam finally pushed out Jackson after six consecutive years as the most popular name. For example, the name "Ahmed Mohamed Ali Farah" means "Ahmed son of Mohamed son of Ali son of Farah." Under influence of the church many knyazes, descendants of Rurik, began to abandon their pagan names in favor of Christian names. Pre-Christian names were used in Rus' several centuries after adoption of Christianity. In Russia, the patronymic is an official part of the name, used in all official documents, and when addressing somebody both formally and among friends. MacPhail) – usually beginning with "C", "K" or "Q". For example "Dictionary of Russian personal names" by N.A. These are identical to the endings of family names in Bulgarian and some other Slavic family names (such as names in Russian and Czech). This list may not reflect recent changes (). One possible solution was to use menologia (Месяцеслов, святцы) – calendars with brief listing of religious celebrations and Saints days. In Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat, a very common convention among the Hindu communities is to have the patronymic as the middle name. The surname Zacharov (not to be confused with Sacharov, from the word for sugar) belonged to a Russian noble family with several celebrity descendants, ancient and modern. The father's name (usually in the genitive case) plus the word son for sons, dóttir for daughters. Illia Illich Mechnikov), Sava (Сава) → Savych (Савич), Iakiv (Яків) → Iakovych (Якович).[27]. Ivan Marinov Yordanov would be Ivan, son of Marin Yordanov. to call a person in respectful manner (in form of name followed by patronym) and to accent an informal message in formal environment, such as between colleagues who have good relationships at work (in form of patronym without name and family name). Furthermore, the total number of names in the menologium at the time didn't exceed 400. The Soviet writer Artem Veseliy named his daughter Volga. At the north end of the Irish Sea, in Ulster, the Isle of Man and Galloway (indeed as far north as Argyll), "Mac" was frequently truncated in speech to /k/, leading to such anglicisations as "Qualtrough" (Son of Walter) & "Quayle" (son of Paul, cf. Short forms, being stylistically neutral, demonstrate that people using them are in close relationships and equal statuses. One of the ventures he undertook was to correct religious books, which had accumulated a lot of errors and misreading as they used to be copied by sometimes illiterate scribes. Fyod(or) → Fedya, Rom(an) → Roma, Pyot(r) → Petya, Ol(ga) → Olya, Vic(toriya) → Vika. This approach is perceived as accepted part of artistic freedom. Influence of Russian Orthodox church steadily grew in 11th–14th centuries, its influence as a consolidating religious force after Mongol invasion of Rus and during period of feudal fragmentation in Kiev Rus became especially important. For example, the Scottish Gaelic surname, Nic Dhòmhnaill meaning 'daughter of a son of Dòmhnall' (in English, Donald), as in Mairi Nic Dhòmhnaill, or Mary MacDonald. As a Russian name, it is more commonly transcribed Darya. This practice is especially common among Ashkenazic immigrants, because most of their names were taken during the period from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century. In Brunei, the ruling family of the monarch uses given name + ibni + father's name instead of using bin/binti. Russians have three names: the first or given name (имя), the surname or family name (фамилия), and patronymic (отчество). Patriarch Nikon set goal to unify service in Russia and to correct errors in religious books (including menologia). Dariy Дарий m Russian (Rare), Ukrainian (Rare) Russian and Ukrainian form of Darius. In Turkish, the suffixes used to indicate paternal ancestry are -oğlu and -zade, which indicate the ancestry as coming from a certain man. Constitution features also could be reflected in a name: Mal (Small), Малюта, Малой (Smaller), Долгой (Tall), Сухой (thin one), Толстой (Fat one), Голова (Head), Головач, Лобан, Беспалой (Fingerless). "Hurley" (descendant of Iarlath, cf. Matronyms were used exceptionally if the child was born out of wedlock or if the mother was much more high-born or well known than the father, a historical example being Sweyn Estridsson. The grandfather's name is usually only used in official documents. Boyar Andrei Kobyla (lit. However, in birth certificate and other documents a secular form was used. [5] The form patronym, first attested in English in 1834, was borrowed into English from French patronyme, which had previously borrowed the word directly from Greek. Among the Zulu patronymics were used in the pre-colonial era. In Iceland, patronymics or matronymics are still used as last names and this is in fact compulsory by law, with a handful of exceptions. They are often multi-syllabic or otherwise phonetically aberrant. The same is true for females; they do not take their husband's last name. The female equivalent of Mac is Nic, condensed from nighean mhic (in Scottish Gaelic) or iníon mhic (in Irish), both meaning daughter. In Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia, the patronymic names do not change form between masculine and feminine. Tresillian, Trevithick, Nanskeval/Nankeville) and occupational surnames (e.g. Rhodri map Nest, "Rhodri son of Nest") to identify people. However unlike the former, Azeris in Iran do not generally use patronymics in oglu / qizi. In Bulgarian official documents, the patronymic is inserted before the surname - e.g. The late chief minister Karunanidhi preferred to be referred as M. Karunanidhi where the initial M stood for Muthuvel - his father's given name. Today, Portuguese has been fully standardized to -es; Spanish is also standardized to -ez, but it is very common to see archaic endings in -es. посібник.— К.: МАУП, 1999.— 132 с.— Бібліогр. Traditionally, a married woman would adopt her husband's family name. However, not all surnames with similar endings are necessarily patronymic. According to various estimations no more than 600 masculine and feminine names more or less regularly appear in modern generations: the main body of given names doesn't exceed 300–400. In Tamil Nadu and some parts of Kerala and South Karnataka, patronymy is predominant. The decree "On Separation of Church from State and Schools from Church" outlawed connection of any public and social acts with religious ceremonies. It was a completely new era in the history of Russian names, marked by significant changes in common names. In Sunda a similar cultural rule is used to that of the Batak. In Arabic, the word "ibn" (ابن or بن: "bin", "ben" and sometimes "ibni" and "ibnu" to show the grammatical case of the noun) is the equivalent of the "-son" suffix discussed above. Sometimes on birthday, sometimes any day between birth and baptism. This is used to distinguish between extended family who would have the same last name, like between cousins. Common endings include -ez, -az, -iz, -is and -oz. For example, Lemlem Mengesha Abraha is Lemlem (given name) Mengesha (father's name) Abraha (grandfather's name). In the Qur'an, Jesus (Isa in Arabic) is consistently termed "`Isa ibn Maryam" - a matronymic (in the Qur'an, Jesus has no father; see Islamic view of Jesus). Naming no longer depended on religious traditions and rules. Many Azeri surnames are also derived from Persian-style patronymics ending in -zadeh (Kazimzadeh, Mehdizadeh, etc.). [a] The first part of the word patronym comes from Greek πατήρ patēr "father" (GEN πατρός patros whence the combining form πατρο- patro-);[3] the second part comes from Greek ὄνυμα onyma, a variant form of ὄνομα onoma "name". Less commonly, matronymics formed with the genitive form (using the prefix a-) were used, as in Amariei, '(son/daughter) of Maria'. Malaysian Indians may also follow this custom with "son" or "daughter" of being replaced by "anak lelaki" or "anak perempuan", respectively. In Finland, the use of patronymics was a result of relatively recent Swedish influence and remained uncommon outside official documents. It comes from Latin Suaricius (son of Suarius); the Latin genitive suffix -icius/a was used to indicate a patronymic. Individuals are addressed by their given name followed by the patronymic (e.g., "Mikhail Nikolayevich") in many situations including on formal occasions, by colleagues at work, by acquaintances, or when being addressed by someone younger in age. This name was given to a mountain and monastery in Abkhazia, called New Athos. Adoption of Christianity led to introduction of completely new, foreign names that were tightly connected to baptism ceremony: according to Christian tradition baptism presumes giving Christian name. While Jews now have permanent surnames for everyday life, the patronymic form is still used in religious life. Note that, in Hungarian, the surname precedes the given name. A common custom is to name the baby for the saint who is the patron over their birthday. s in Georgian is a possessive, and dze and asuli mean male and female descendant. Old Russian names include Zhdan (Ждан), Peresvet (Пересвет), Lada (Лада), and Lyubava (Любава). A practice established in the 14th to 16th centuries supposed giving two names: a baptismal name (usually modified) and a nickname. However, rather than using the father's full name, only the first letter — popularly known as the initial — is prefixed to the given name. Lena Clara/Getty. In Azeri, patronymics are formed through -oğlu (sometimes transliterated as ogly) for males and qızı (often transliterated as gizi or kizi) for females. They also use the term "ina" or "iña" meaning "the son of" or "the daughter of," which is similar to other African- and the Arab-naming patterns. The full name is written as: First name (given name) followed by the father's name, and last by the grandfather's name. Christian and pagan names coexisted up to the 17th century. Of particular interest is the name "Fitzroy", meaning "son of [the] king", which was sometimes used by illegitimate royal children.[9]. In contrast to male names, if a woman is called by her patronymic name without a given name, the patronymic is usually not contracted: "Ivanovna" but "Mar' Ivanna"; "Sergeyevna"/"Sergevna" is one exception, where both forms are fine. These were later simplified to the modern Welsh ap and ab. In the same way the surname Soares means son of Soeiro (in Latin Suarius). Such names include Ivan (Иван, "John"), Andrei (Андрей, "Andrew"), Yakov (Яков, "Jacob"), Yuri (Юрий, "George"), Tatyana (Татьяна, "Tatiana"), Maria (Мария, "Mary"), Avdotia (Авдотья, "Eudocia"), Elizaveta (Елизавета, "Elizabeth"). In England, names ending with the suffix "-son" or "-ing" were often originally patronymic. Yi people's sons' given names are based on the last one or two syllables of their father's name. Where Udhayanidhi is his given name and Stalin his father's given name as his surname rather than as an initial. Sometimes, caste name is omitted here too. The son's name would now be Dele Kolade, not Dele Fabiyi. The English form patronymic was borrowed through the mutual influence of French and Latin on English.[6]. The right to register names was handed to civil authorities, namely civil registry. Examples of such transformations include common English surnames such as Johnson (son of John). The celebrated Indian English novelist R. K. Narayan's name at birth was Rasipuram Krishnaswami Ayyar Narayanaswami, which was shortened at the behest of his writer friend, Graham Greene. Minei were extremely expensive, so some churches couldn't afford them. Likewise, a woman named Lyudmila with a father named Nikolay would be known as Lyudmila Nikolayevna or "Lyudmila, daughter of Nikolay" (Nikolayevna being a patronymic). Short form were derived from truncated stems of full forms, sometimes preserving very little in common. Social innovations gave incentive to develop "new names for new life". After the Revolution, various forms of one's name started being considered as different names. The endings -s, -se and -sen were also commonly used for sons and often for daughters too. Papanikoláou, Papanikolópoulos, "the son of the priest Nikolaos". In Iceland, family names are unusual; Icelandic law favours the use of patronyms (and more recently, matronyms) over family names. This custom has dropped to the modern English one, due to an increase in British-style education. Numerical names representing birth order in a family: Names based on individual characteristics, like hair and skin color. : с. Two common elements in Georgian last names, dze and shvili mean son of, and child, respectively. A common feature of historical Semitic names is the patronymic system. The Assyrians for centuries have used the patronymic bet or bit literally meaning "house" in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic; however, in the context of the name it means "from the house of [the father's name].". In Romanian, the endings -escu and -eanu were used, as in Petrescu, 'son of Petre (Peter)'; many modern Romanian family names were formed from such patronymics. 57 Popular Russian Last Names That Will Make You Want To Visit Moscow. For example, Joseph Stalin's actual name was Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili. For example: Anja, Feđa, Katja/Kaća, Maša, Nataša, Olja, Saša, Sonja, Tanja. In Classical Arabic, the word ibn is written as bn between two names, since the case ending of the first name then supplies a vowel. Diminutive forms constitute a distinct body among various derivative forms. In Hungarian, patronyms were traditionally formed with the ending -fi (sometimes spelled as -fy or -ffy). Here, the caste name is omitted. [23][24] Use of the name with the patronymic in Russian is always the correct and polite way to address any person except close friends, family members, or children - in such cases usage of the patronymic adds humor intonation. Manya (another short form) → Manechka, Manyusya, Manyusha, Manyasha etc. December 22, 2019 Updated May 12, 2021. [12][13], Spanish patronyms follow a similar pattern to the Portuguese (e.g., López: son of Lope; Fernández: son of Fernando; Hernández: son of Hernán; Rodríguez: son of Rodrigo; Álvarez: son of Álvaro). Names like Chernysh, Chernyai, Chernyava,(=black one) Bel, Belyai, Belyak, Beloukha (=white one) were widely used. It is possible to find the Catalan language politician Jordi Sànchez (who has a Spanish surname spelled the Catalan way) or the journalist Vicenç Sanchis (who has a Catalan surname spelled the Spanish way). A component of a name based on the name of one's mother or a female ancestor is a matronymic. In Georgian, patronymics, when used, come with the addition of s to the end of the father's name, followed by dze for a man and asuli for a woman. The Danish government outlawed the practice in 1856 and eased the regulations in 1904 to deal with the limited number of patronymics. Patronymics are still in use, including mandatory use, in many countries worldwide, although their use has largely been replaced by or transformed into patronymic surnames. A daughter's family name is the same as the son's, but always declined in the Genitive, e.g. Mongol people's names are followed by the name of their father, both son and daughter are patronymic. [m]ap Ros>Rouse, [m]ap Richard>Pritchard, Davies, Evans) are less common there than toponyms (e.g. The tradition of patronymic lineage is still used among some Canadian descendants of French colonists: in the oral tradition of many Acadians, for example, Marc à Pierre à Gérard (lit. For example, Golda Meir was born "Golda Mabovitch", took the name "Golda Meyerson" after her marriage to American Morris Meyerson, and, upon making Aliyah and at the urging of Moshe Sharett, Hebraized her last name to Meir.[8]. Due to the letters z and s being pronounced alike in Latin American dialects of Spanish, many non-patronymic surnames with an -es have come to be written with an -ez. Not all pre-Christian names were equally popular. Only some tens of several thousand names were actively used. Perhaps because Cornwall was legally incorporated into England earlier than Wales was, patronyms (e.g. Given names in Old East Slavonic language (nickname, epithet, handle) are similar to appellation after a particular episode. After Armenia regained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 a massive decline in the use of Russified patronymics occurred; nowadays few Armenians use patronymics outside of official contexts. Welsh, as a P-Celtic language, originally used map or mab instead of the Q-Celtic mac employed in Ireland and Scotland. Direct and tight connection with orthodox saints names was lost. In addition to these Anglicised baptismal and official names, patronyms continued to be commonly employed in Welsh until the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the north and west of Wales. Dēmētropoúlou, Papanikoláou etc. Of particular note are the surnames of the children of married priests, or kahanas. In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states, the naming pattern is family name, given name, and caste name, in that order. The practice disappeared from everyday use with the introduction of the modern European style surname system but still remains part of traditional cultural practices, particularly in the case of chieftains and royalty where reciting lineages forms a part of many ceremonial occasions. Thus, for example, "Ali ibn `Amr" means "Ali son of `Amr". A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (avonymic),[1][2] or an earlier male ancestor. Years earlier he had been given the original seeds from a Russian immigrant friend--a genuine example of the intriguing … For example, Irina → Rina, Risha, Irisha, Ina; Vitaliy → Vitalya, Vita, Vitya, Talya, Vitasha. [citation needed] However, nowadays, the patronymic names in Serbia are mostly used on legal documents, and have the form of the father's name that says the child is 'of so and so'... example: Marija Dragoljuba Pavlovic, where Dragoljub is the father's name and 'Dragoljuba' literally means 'of Dragoljub'. In East Slavic languages, the endings -ovich, -evich and -ich are used to form patronymics for men. The history of Russian given name is usually divided in three stages: Before adoption of Christianity till the end of the 10th century, eastern Slavs (ancestors of modern Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians) used almost exclusively Slavonic names which were given at birth. Like many other patronymics in other languages, with the formalization of naming conventions by laws in the late modern contemporary age many turned into surnames. This practice was widespread in all stratas. The prefix "Mac" is used to form a patronym, such as "Mac Coinnich" – or the anglicized 'Mackenzie' – son of Coinneach/Kenneth. The same principle(s) may apply in combination, e.g. At that time many Greek and Roman names were also assimilated into Russian (eg. From the end of the 19th century patronymics gradually became less common in Sweden until they were abolished in 1966. The form most used in the Arab world is the usage of both the patronymic and a family name, often using both the father's and paternal grandfathers given name in sequence after the own given name, and then the family name. Patronymy is common in parts of India. The family's name is given from the father's family. Patronymic naming is very common in parts of Mozambique. Many Armenian surnames were once patronymics first used by distant ancestors or clan founders. For example, if a father is named Khurram Suleman (a Muslim masculine name), he might name his son Taha Khurram, who in turn might name his son Ismail Taha. In France, the terms patronyme and nom patronymique had long been used interchangeably to designate the family name, meaning that it is inherited from the father. In written form, these endings were often abbreviated as -sz. Short forms emerged in spoken language for convenience as majority of formal names are cumbersome. Patronymics are still standard in parts of the Arab world, notably Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The father's name is not considered a middle name. Hani people also have patronymic customs. 1 July 2017 parents in Sweden are free to give their children patronyms/matronyms at birth instead of inherited family names, and any person can change her or his last name to a matronymic or patronymic.[19]. While the usage of caste names as surnames/last names is discouraged (but not banned) in Tamil Nadu, such usage by out of state people is greeted with indifference. Differing in stem: Georgiy and Yuriy, Cyprian and Cupryan, Evstafiy and Ostap. These are appended to the given name, i.e. Keeping up with these changes is time-consuming, as essential media coverage is scattered across numerous web sites at any given moment. In Bulgarian, the patronymics are -ov/-ev and -ova/-eva for men and women, respectively. Arabic names are on the rise this year, with Muhammad and Aaliyah entering the top 10 and nudging Mason and Layla off. The family's name for Sunda is -Wijaya, but this isn't true for all Sundanese families. There was strong cultural pressure during the period following the establishment of the State of Israel for immigrants to modern Israel to Hebraize their names.
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