Mayor-Commissioner Washington, who was the last presidentially appointed mayor of Washington, went on to become the city's first elected mayor. Du côté américain, la résistance s'organise peu à peu en prenant des formes de plus en plus violentes et radicales jusqu'à la guerre. Mais les colons estimaient que ces derniers protégeaient avant tout le commerce des fourrures. [34] Senator Walter Mondale advocated for the bill in Congress, but noted that over successive years, a fair housing bill was the most filibustered legislation in US history. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported that H. Rap Brown was in Baltimore driving a Ford Mustang with Broward County, Florida tags, and was assembling large groups of angry protesters and agitating them to escalate the rioting. U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations, Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act, King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis, The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306, Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story, Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King. L'entourage royal et le gouvernement sont alors dominés par les tories qui rêvent d'affermir la domination et la centralisation sur les colonies. At the meeting, Mayor Washington asked President Johnson to deploy troops to the District of Columbia. Les journaux de la ville mettent en valeur cet évènement et en font le symbole de la tyrannie anglaise. The riot was precipitated by King's assassination, but was also evidence of larger frustrations among the city's African-American population. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_assassination_riots&oldid=1020443862, Post–civil rights era in African-American history, African-American riots in the United States, Riots and civil disorder in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 29 April 2021, at 03:38. I don't know why we're so surprised. [3][4], The protesters were mostly black; not all were poor. Several community leaders arrived and told the crowd that no decision had been reached, and alluded to disturbances in the future if the officer was reinstated. The riot peaked on April 7 in which one person was killed and 3,600 National Guardsmen were deployed into the city. After bottles were thrown by the crowd, the crowd became unruly and police were called. La rupture entre les colonies et la métropole aboutit à la guerre d'indépendance et à la fondation d'une République. With all the police and troops on the streets, the situation began to calm down. He also began to communicate with a host of mayors and governors preparing for a reaction from black America. However, numerous businesses were still looted and set afire in Harlem and Brooklyn following the statement. The riots utterly devastated Washington's inner city economy. Ceux qui soutenaient la prétention anglaise de taxer les Virginiens seraient considérés comme ennemis de la colonie[5]. La Révolution américaine débute en 1774 ; elle est le résultat d'une accumulation de tensions et de conflits entre les 13 colonies et la métropole, mais aussi au sein des diverses couches sociales. Les représentants les plus importants de ce mouvement étaient Paul Revere, Thomas Young, Joseph Warren, Patrick Henry, John Hancock], James Otis, Thomas Crafts Jr., John Adams et son cousin, Samuel Adams, qui fut le meneur de la rébellion en Nouvelle-Angleterre. The King-assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising, was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. By the time the city was considered pacified on Sunday, April 8, some 1,200 buildings had been burned, including over 900 stores. La Révolution américaine débute en 1774 ; elle est le résultat d'une accumulation de tensions et de conflits entre les 13 colonies et la métropole, mais aussi au sein des diverses couches sociales. The immediate cause of the rioting was the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.. King was not only a leader in the civil rights movement, but also an advocate for nonviolence. Il dut trouver refuge au Fort William avec sa famille. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 19 mai 2021 à 08:43. On Saturday, April 6, the Governor of Maryland, Spiro T. Agnew, called out thousands of National Guard troops and 500 Maryland State Police to quell the disturbance. For example, the Memphis sanitation strike, which was already underway, took on a new level of urgency. The Washington, D.C., riots of April 4–8, 1968, resulted in Washington, along with Chicago and Baltimore, receiving the heaviest impact of the 110 cities to see unrest following the King assassination. Republican Russell W. Peterson defeated Governor Terry, and upon his inauguration in January 1969, Governor Peterson ended the National Guard's occupation in Wilmington. President Johnson: Well, that's right. Although polite at first, the crowd fell out of control and began breaking windows. More than 300 people, most of them young black men, were arrested on charges ranging from assault and arson to looting and violating the mayor's emergency curfew. Ainsi, le 20 octobre 1774, la Continental Association cherche à renforcer la campagne des boycotts des produits anglais. By 8:30, the crowd began to disperse. The Cincinnati riots were in response to the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. This came right to the neighborhoods across the country. Riots erupted in New York City the night King was murdered. En réalité, les boycotts eurent plus d’effet que les pétitions, et la loi fut finalement abrogée le 18 mars 1766. Les colons empiètent sur les territoires situés à l'ouest des Appalaches, malgré l’interdiction du roi (Proclamation d'octobre 1763). [25][28][29] These events led to the rapid passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, Title VIII of which is known as the "Fair Housing Act". Agnew became Nixon's vice presidential running mate in 1968. By the end of the unrest, 6 people had died, 700 were injured, and 5,800 had been arrested; property damage was estimated at over $12 million.[10]. Seules les assemblées coloniales avaient le droit de lever de nouvelles taxes en Amérique. Wright was stabbed to death and his wife was beaten. On April 8, around 1,500 black people attended a memorial held at a local recreation center. In conversations with Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, Johnson describes the complications with ordering federal troops before local governments have exhausted all options. They're all holing up like generals in a dugout getting ready to watch a war. [23], For some liberals and civil rights advocates, the riots were a turning point. Après le traité de Paris en 1763, le présence militaire anglaise est ressentie durement par la population. Le recours au boycott dès 1764 à Boston, est l'une des solutions les plus efficaces. Les 27 délégués des colonies adoptèrent une Déclaration des Droits et des Griefs (Declaration of Rights and Grievances) établie par John Dickinson et envoyèrent des lettres ainsi que des pétitions au roi et au Parlement. De nombreux colons refusèrent de payer les timbres et la situation se radicalisa. Des incidents similaires se produisirent à New York et à Charleston. Cette déclaration de George III et de son conseil interdit aux colons américains de s'installer sur les terres situées à l'ouest des montagnes Appalaches, considérées comme propriété des Amérindiens (« territoire indien »). His death led to anger and disillusionment, and feelings that now only violent resistance to white supremacy could be effective. [39] With newly urgent attention from White House legislative director Joseph Califano and Speaker of the House John McCormack, the bill—which was previously stalled that year—passed the House by a wide margin on April 10. Firefighters quickly flooded the neighborhood, and Chicago's off-duty firefighters were told to report for duty. Les violences, au départ sporadiques et limitées, se multiplient contre les représentants de l'autorité anglaise. "[25], After the Watts riots in 1965 and the Detroit riot of 1967, the military began preparing heavily for black insurrection. Le 16 décembre 1773, des colons déguisés en Indiens jettent plus de 300 caisses de thé dans le port de Boston : c’est la Boston Tea Party. Rioters smashed store windows and looted merchandise. Le profil sociologique des Fils de la Liberté n'était pas uniforme : on trouvait aussi bien des avocats que des ouvriers. Les Fils de la Liberté, une organisation secrète d'opposants américains à la politique anglaise, furent particulièrement actifs. L'objectif du texte était d'organiser l'empire britannique ainsi que les relations avec les Amérindiens. In addition to 16 injured policemen, 15 firefighters were treated at city hospitals for smoke inhalation, burns, sprains and cuts suffered while fighting raging blazes or for injuries inflicted by rioters. Les manifestations se succèdent pour réclamer l'abrogation des actes. The crowd was protesting the possible reinstatement of a white officer who had been suspended for beating an African-American man some weeks earlier. Le lendemain, les autorités royales décident de transférer les troupes du centre ville vers le fort de Castle Island, située dans le port de Boston, afin de calmer la tension. [11][12], The deployment of tear gas dispersed the protesters from the area, but other citizens of the city began to riot as a result of the police action on the student protesters. Il s'agit d'accroitre la dépendance des colonies envers la métropole et d'attirer le plus possible la monnaie. Surtout, le Sugar Act renforce le contrôle anglais sur le commerce colonial, dans la droite ligne du mercantilisme. Cette loi avait pour objectif de faire entrer de l’argent directement dans les caisses de l'État. In the same call, Johnson told Daley he wanted to use a strategy of pre-emption: "I'd rather move them and not need them than need them and not have them.". Le Tea Act est voté en mai 1773 afin de permettre à la Compagnie anglaise des Indes orientales de vendre son thé aux colonies de l'Amérique du Nord sans acquitter de taxes. Les principaux foyers de rébellion sont Boston, New York, Philadelphie et la Virginie. More than 70 fires had been set, several of them major. [29] The Rules Committee, "jolted by the repeated civil disturbances virtually outside its door," finally ended its hearings on April 8. Au cours de l'été 1768, les agents des douanes confisquèrent un sloop appartenant à John Hancock, accusé de violer les règlements commerciaux. En septembre 1774 se réunit le premier Congrès continental à Philadelphie, ce qui marque le début de la Révolution américaine. Les responsables du massacre, le capitaine Thomas Preston et ses soldats, sont jugés et finalement acquittés. [20], The assassinations triggered active unrest in communities that were already discontented. Le 24 mars 1765, le Parlement édicte un premier Quartering Act (le second sera voté en 1774). It eventually expanded to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street, with additional damage occurring on Roosevelt Road. Many believe it to be the greatest wave of social unrest the United States had experienced since the Civil War. Some suburbanites grew fearful of traveling into Wilmington in broad daylight, even to attend church on Sunday morning. However the small and unprepared police response simply upset the crowd more, which continued to grow. Several days after the riot started, two people were dead, hundreds were arrested, and the city had suffered $3 million in property damage. Most white business owners quickly pulled out or were forced out of Parkland and surrounding areas. Elle avait pour but de rétablir les finances de la compagnie en renforçant son monopole. On April 4, President Lyndon B. Johnson denounced King's murder. [28] The riots were political fodder for the Republican party, which used fears of black urban crime to garner support for "law and order", especially in the 1968 presidential campaign[citation needed]. Made uneasy by the violence, city residents of all races accelerated their departure for suburban areas, depressing property values. [35] It was opposed by most Northern and Southern senators, as well as the National Association of Real Estate Boards. Negotiations on April 16 brought an end to the strike and a promise of better wages.[21][22]. Officier de marine puis agriculteur, il est élu sénateur en Géorgie pour le Parti démocrate de 1963 à 1967. [citation needed]. Les troupes anglaises reçurent des renforts pour maintenir le calme à Boston. Ils critiquaient aussi le recours aux Admiralty Courts pour appliquer le Stamp Act et punir les contrevenants. [citation needed] As an interim measure, the Trenton Fire Department fabricated temporary cab enclosures from steel deck plating until new equipment could be obtained. The riot would have effects that shaped the image which white people would hold of Louisville's West End, that it was predominantly black and crime-ridden. That unit arrested more than 3,000 detainees, who were turned over to the Baltimore Police. Elle suit l'acquisition des territoires français d'Amérique du Nord perdus par Paris après la guerre de Sept Ans. Notably absent were representatives of more radical groups such as SNCC and CORE. The resulting effects of the riot resulted in the arrest of over 100 adults, and left five dead and at least 20 admitted to hospitals. Le 7 octobre 1763, une proclamation royale fixe les limites orientales des treize colonies. Marines mounted machine guns on the steps of the Capitol and Army soldiers from the 3rd Infantry guarded the White House. In several instances, these disturbances were rapidly quelled through the use of bayonets and chemical dispersers by the XVIII Airborne units. Ils ne supportaient pas l’idée de devoir entretenir des soldats anglais venus pour faire respecter les lois votées à Londres. Ils se heurtent à l’opposition des whigs favorables à la liberté de commerce. He pursued direct engagement with the political system (as opposed to the separatist ideas of black nationalism). Two African-American teenagers had died, and $200,000 in damage had been done. [31] From the transcript:[32]. Mayor Richard J. Daley gave police the authority "to shoot to kill any arsonist or anyone with a Molotov cocktail in his hand ... and ... to shoot to maim or cripple anyone looting any stores in our city.". The Baltimore riot of 1968 began two days after the murder. Ces lois instituaient une taxe sur les matières premières importées dans les colonies américaines, comme le plomb, le papier, la peinture, le verre et le thé L'objectif des lois Townshend était de gagner 40 000 livres chaque année pour financer l'administration coloniale[6]. Elle représente en outre une part importante du budget de l'État. Les mesures fiscales prises par le gouvernement doivent permettre d'augmenter les recettes et de réduire le déséquilibre des finances. As word of King's murder by James Earl Ray in Memphis spread on the evening of Thursday, April 4, crowds began to gather at 14th and U. Stokely Carmichael led members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to stores in the neighborhood demanding that they close out of respect. Approximately 10,500 police were sent in, and by April 6, more than 6,700 Illinois National Guard troops had arrived in Chicago with 5,000 regular Army soldiers from the 1st Armored and 5th Infantry Divisions being ordered into the city by President Johnson. [26], On April 5, Johnson ordered mobilization of the Army and National Guard, particularly for D.C.[27], Some responded to the riots with suggestions for improving the conditions that engendered them. Some areas were heavily damaged by the riots, and recovered slowly. Denizens of Trenton's urban core often pulled false alarms and would then throw bricks at firefighters responding to the alarm boxes. On May 27, 1968, a group of 400 people, mostly Black people, gathered at Twenty-Eight and Greenwood Streets, in the Parkland neighborhood. L'assurance des émeutes et mouvements populaires : les contrats multirisques ne sont pas tenus de garantir les dommages causés à l'occasion d'émeutes et de mouvements populaires. Les Townshend Acts furent proposés par Charles Townshend, Chancelier de l'Échiquier, et votées par le Parlement en 1767. The ready availability of jobs in the growing federal government attracted many to Washington since the early 20th century, and middle class African-American neighborhoods prospered. Riots occurred in Louisville, Kentucky, in May 1968. More than 200 Trenton businesses, mostly in Downtown, were ransacked and burned. However, rumors (which turned out to be untrue) were spread that Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee speaker Stokely Carmichael's plane to Louisville was being intentionally delayed by white people. À Boston, on pendit et brula une effigie d’Andrew Oliver, un agent du timbre. Most white residents also left the West End, which had been almost entirely white north of Broadway, from subdivision until the 1960s. Le Stamp Act suscita une grande animosité en Amérique car il affectait tous les colons et non plus seulement les marchands. At one point, on April 5, rioting reached within two blocks of the White House before rioters retreated. Despite the end of legally mandated racial segregation, the historic neighborhoods of Shaw, the H Street Northeast corridor, and Columbia Heights, centered at the intersection of 14th and U Streets Northwest, remained the centers of African-American commercial life in the city. The next night, the city was put under curfew, and nearly 1,500 National Guardsmen were brought in to subdue the violence. Cependant, plusieurs colons s'étaient déjà implantés dans ces régions et refusaient le monopole royal dans l'acquisition des terres. L'ultime étape, qui fait définitivement passer la contestation en Révolution, est celle du Congrès continental, acte éminemment illégal du point de vue de la métropole, car il crée une assemblée politique indépendante. Des réseaux de solidarité se mettent en place, malgré la diversité et l'étendue des colonies. The intersection, and Parkland in general, had recently become an important location for Louisville's black community, as the local NAACP branch had moved its office there. Les actions menées contre le pouvoir britannique prennent des formes de plus en plus radicales et organisées. [1] Some of the biggest riots took place in Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Chicago, and Kansas City. Many White House aides took the opportunity to push their preferred programs for urban improvement. Mais ces taxes n'étaient pas toujours acquittée et Lord George Grenville souhaitait mettre fin aux fraudes et à la corruption. While this angered black people and white liberals, it caught the attention of Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon, who was looking for someone on his ticket who could counter George Wallace's American Independent Party campaign. Senator Robert Byrd suggested that Washington, D.C. ought to be occupied indefinitely by the army.[28]. [25], According to press secretary George Christian, Johnson was not surprised by the riots that followed: "What did you expect? Mayor Washington imposed a curfew and banned the sale of alcohol and guns in the city. The police, including a captain who was hit in the face by a bottle, retreated, leaving behind a patrol car, which was turned over and burned. Londres dut faire marche arrière devant le boycott des marchandises et les lois furent abrogées, même si la taxe sur le thé fut maintenue. L’argent servit à renforcer les garnisons du Fort Detroit et du Fort Pitt. Tensions simmered down after Mayor John Lindsay traveled into the heart of the area and stated that he regretted King's wrongful death. By 11pm, widespread looting had begun. And we put troops in every place they asked me to, and we came after it [in] reasonably good shape. I Spring 2009", "Living Apart: How the Government Betrayed a Landmark Civil Rights Law", "REPORT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERS SUMMARY OF REPORT", "Matthew J. Termine "Promoting Residential Integration Through the Fair Housing Act" 79 Fordham Law Review 1367 (2011)", "Honorable Charles Mathias, Jr. "Fair Housing Legislation: Not an Easy Row To Hoe" US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research", Riots after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968). As in many other cities around the country, there were unrest and riots partially in response to the assassination. The south side ghetto had escaped the major chaos mainly because the two large street gangs, the Blackstone Rangers and the East Side Disciples, cooperated to control their neighborhoods. Many gang members did not participate in the rioting, due in part to King's direct involvement with these groups in 1966.[9]. It was to these striking workers that King delivered his final speech, and in Memphis that he was killed. Mais la question de la représentation politique des Américains n’était pas réglée. [24] The meeting concluded with prayers at the Washington National Cathedral. He's going to knock your block off. Mayor-Commissioner Walter Washington ordered the damage cleaned up immediately the next morning. The next day, Mayor Richard J. Daley imposed a curfew on anyone under the age of 21, closed the streets to automobile traffic, and halted the sale of guns or ammunition. As rioting continued, African American plainclothes police officers and community leaders were sent to the worst areas to prevent further violence. Damages reached $27 million. Pour cela, Londres souhaite conserver son rôle de redistribution du commerce maritime. The King-assassination riots, also known as the Holy Week Uprising,[2] was a wave of civil disturbance which swept the United States following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968. Début de la boite de navigation du chapitre, fin de la boite de navigation du chapitre, Révolution américaine : Les causes de la Révolution américaine, Les formes et les acteurs de la résistance américaine, conventions bibliographiques de Wikiversité, Contexte : l'Amérique du Nord au XVIIIe siècle, Les évènements de la Révolution américaine, The Sugar Act. Les comités de correspondance permettaient d'établir un réseau entre les associations des différentes villes américaines. Les colons ressentent la pression fiscale comme injuste, d'autant qu’ils ne sont pas représentés au Parlement de Londres. Pour la Couronne, il était logique que les Américains qui profitaient de la protection de l’armée concourent à l’entretien de celle-ci. En réalité, elle ne fut guère appliquée en raison des pressions et des résistances des Américains. Johnson chose to focus his political capital on a fair housing bill proposed by Senator Sam Ervin. De plus, elles alimentaient directement le budget britannique et n’affectaient plus seulement les échanges commerciaux. Rioting started after a false rumor was spread in the crowd that Smith's wife was actually killed by a white police officer. They increased an already-strong trend toward racial segregation and white flight in America's cities, strengthening racial barriers that looked as though they might weaken. The riots quickly revived the bill. Over 200 buildings were damaged in the disturbance with damage costs running up to $10 million. Michigan Governor George W. Romney ordered the National Guard into Detroit. James Earl Carter, Jr., dit Jimmy Carter [ˈ d͡ʒ ɪ m i ˈ k ɑ ɹ t ɚ] [1], né le 1 er octobre 1924 à Plains (État de Géorgie), est un homme d'État américain, 39 e président des États-Unis de 1977 à 1981. Violence and vandalism continued to rage the next day, but had subdued somewhat by May 29. Business owners began to return, although troops remained until June 4. This experience, along with similar experiences in other major cities, effectively ended the use of open-cab fire engines. During the struggle with the robbers, also black, Smith accidentally shot and killed his wife. The Pentagon's Army Operations Center thus quickly began its response to the assassination on the night of April 4, directing air force transport planes to prepare for an occupation of Washington, D.C. Il convient ici de rappeler que le budget de l'état est déficitaire après la guerre de Sept Ans. On April 5, one day after King was assassinated, violence sparked on the West side of Chicago. Les évènements qui se succèdent entre 1763 et 1774 indiquent cette montée des mécontentements, sans pour autant prendre un caractère révolutionnaire. En 1764, à la fin de la guerre de Sept Ans, s'engage une réflexion sur l’empire britannique à son apogée. Les Townshend Acts soulevèrent la réprobation des colons américains, comme l'indiquent les Lettres d'un fermier de Pennsylvanie aux habitants des colonies britanniques de l'avocat John Dickinson (1732–1808). Over 100 businesses were either looted or burned in the Hill District, Homewood, and North Side neighborhoods with various structures being set afire by arsonists. Many of these leaders told Johnson that socially progressive legislation would be the best response to the crisis. Two days later, they were joined by a Light Infantry Brigade from Fort Benning, Georgia. En fermant la colonisation américaine vers l'ouest, la Grande-Bretagne soulève le mécontentement des fermiers et des propriétaires fonciers, dans un contexte de croissance démographique des 13 colonies. The Trenton Riots of 1968 were a major civil disturbance that took place during the week following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4. When you put your foot on a man's neck and hold him down for three hundred years, and then you let him up, what's he going to do? With the destruction or closing of businesses, thousands of jobs were lost, and insurance rates soared. [13], Although not as large as other cities, violent disturbances did erupt in Detroit. Il est donc indispensable d'analyser la série de résistances à la politique britannique, qui forment un contexte prérévolutionnaire d'émeutes sporadiques. Leurs actions allaient de la rédaction de pamphlets, à la plantation d'arbres de la liberté, de réunions à la violence urbaine. This was civil rights getting personal. [8], In Los Angeles, the Los Angeles Police Department and community activists averted a repeat of the 1965 riots that devastated portions of the city. Crime in the burned out neighborhoods rose sharply, further discouraging investment. Sept personnes trouvent la mort dans le « massacre[7] ». Elle fut votée afin de couvrir les couts de la présence militaire nécessaire à la protection des colonies et réduire la dette publique anglaise. These included Vice President Hubert Humphrey, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren, Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall, and federal judge Leon Higginbotham; government officials such as secretary Robert Weaver and D.C. Mayor Walter Washington; legislators Mike Mansfield, Everett Dirksen, William McCulloch; and civil rights leaders Whitney Young, Roy Wilkins, Clarence Mitchell, Dorothy Height, and Walter Fauntroy. À cette époque, elles sont d'ailleurs conçues comme une forme très particulière de pèlerinage, un « pèlerinage en armes » . Quelques jours après, le Parlement instaure le Currency Act qui permet à la métropole de mettre la main sur le système monétaire colonial[4]. [36][37][25][38] On April 5, Johnson wrote a letter to the United States House of Representatives urging passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which included the Fair Housing Act. Audio records reveal a tense and variable relationship between Johnson and local officials. Elles déclaraient que les Américains possédaient les mêmes droits que les sujets britanniques, en particulier celui de ne pas être taxé sans le consentement de leurs représentants. The riot left many of the city's black commercial districts in shambles and the areas most impacted by the unrest were slow to recover in the following decades. Titled The American Revenue Act of 1764, https://fr.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Révolution_américaine/Les_causes_de_la_Révolution_américaine&oldid=840040, licence Creative Commons Attribution-partage dans les mêmes conditions, Le contenu de cette bibliographie n'est pas présenté selon les. Des comités de correspondance (Committees of Correspondence) se constituèrent pour unir les opposants et relayer les appels au boycott des marchandises anglaises. Several memorials were held in tribute to King throughout the Los Angeles area on the days leading into his funeral service. Crowds of as many as 20,000 overwhelmed the District's 3,100-member police force, and 11,850 federal troops and 1,750 D.C. National Guardsmen under orders of President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived on the streets of D.C. to assist them. Many believe it to be the greatest wave of social unrest the United States had experienced since the Civil War. The losses incurred by downtown businesses were initially estimated by the city to be $7 million, but the total of insurance claims and settlements came to $2.5 million. Dr. King had campaigned for a federal fair housing law throughout 1966, but had not achieved it. Quant aux Américains, ils ne sont pas prêts à renoncer à leur autonomie politique locale. Within an hour, Mayor Kenneth A. Schmied requested 700 Kentucky National Guard troops and established a citywide curfew. President Johnson: [Unclear] ... Goddammit, I don't know how we handle these things.
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